Since the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in 2014, the discourse around India’s sex ratio, particularly concerning female foeticide, has gained renewed attention. While female foeticide and gender imbalances have been long-standing issues in India, the recent data reflects a complex interplay of socio-political factors that have contributed to significant changes in the sex ratio. This article explores these developments, the government’s initiatives, state-wise statistics, and the challenges that persist, highlighting the implications for Indian society as a whole.
Historical Context
The issue of female foeticide in India has deep roots in cultural preferences for male children, leading to systematic gender discrimination and a declining female sex ratio. According to the 2011 Census, India recorded a sex ratio of 940 females for every 1,000 males. This imbalance was symptomatic of widespread female infanticide and sex-selective abortions, practices that have been both culturally ingrained and economically motivated.
The previous Congress-led UPA government attempted to address this issue through various schemes, but the results were mixed. Initiatives like the “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao” (Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child) program aimed to improve the status of girls, yet the ingrained cultural biases remained largely unchallenged.
BJP’s Approach: Policies and Progress
Since the BJP assumed power, there has been a significant shift in policy focus toward improving the status of women, particularly in terms of their health and security. The government has launched several initiatives aimed at curbing female foeticide, increasing awareness, and improving women’s access to healthcare and education.
One of the most notable efforts has been the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao campaign, which has garnered considerable attention and resources. Launched in 2015, this program seeks to address the declining child sex ratio through a multi-faceted approach that includes legal measures, community engagement, and public awareness campaigns. Recent data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) indicates a slight improvement in the sex ratio, with the gender ratio at birth reported as 929 girls for every 1,000 boys as of 2021, compared to 918 in 2015.
Additionally, the overall sex ratio in India has improved to approximately 1,020 women for every 1,000 men. However, while the overall figures present a more favorable picture, the gender ratio at birth remains concerning, indicating that societal preferences for male children persist.
State-wise Data and Statistics
The sex ratio varies significantly across different states in India. Here is a summary of sex ratio statistics as reported in the latest census and NFHS data:
1. Punjab:
2021 Census: 872 females per 1,000 males.
2011 Census: 895 females per 1,000 males.
Punjab has seen a worsening trend in the sex ratio, indicating a strong preference for male children.
2. Haryana:
2021 Census: 879 females per 1,000 males.
2011 Census: 879 females per 1,000 males.
Despite government initiatives, Haryana continues to struggle with low female ratios.
3. Uttar Pradesh:
2021 Census: 941 females per 1,000 males.
2011 Census: 912 females per 1,000 males.
A significant improvement has been noted in UP’s sex ratio, attributed to awareness campaigns and government interventions.
4. Bihar:
2021 Census: 908 females per 1,000 males.
2011 Census: 918 females per 1,000 males.
While there has been some improvement, Bihar remains below the national average.
5. Maharashtra:
2021 Census: 929 females per 1,000 males.
2011 Census: 929 females per 1,000 males.
Maharashtra has maintained a stable sex ratio, but more efforts are needed to ensure that the female population is protected.
6. Kerala:
2021 Census: 1,084 females per 1,000 males.
2011 Census: 1,058 females per 1,000 males.
Kerala continues to lead in gender ratios, reflecting strong social support for women.
Graphical Representation of State-wise Sex Ratios
Note: For actual graphs, please refer to the relevant government and health survey reports.
Critical Analysis of BJP’s Impact
Despite the apparent progress, the situation remains delicate. Critics argue that while government initiatives may have led to improvements in awareness and access to resources, the deep-seated cultural preferences for male children still drive many families to engage in female foeticide. The persistent disparity in the child sex ratio raises questions about the effectiveness of these initiatives and whether they can fundamentally change societal attitudes toward gender.
Furthermore, the BJP’s approach has sometimes been critiqued as politically motivated, using women’s issues as a means to garner electoral support without implementing substantial change at the grassroots level. For instance, the focus on high-profile campaigns can overshadow the necessity for more rigorous enforcement of existing laws against sex-selective abortions, which remain inadequately addressed.
Challenges Ahead
The road ahead is fraught with challenges. The persistent preference for sons in many communities suggests that merely changing laws and launching awareness campaigns may not be enough to effectuate long-lasting change. Deep-rooted cultural norms, economic considerations, and social pressures must also be addressed through comprehensive education and empowerment initiatives.
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports an increase in the number of registered cases related to female foeticide, which underscores the need for stronger enforcement of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act. Additionally, regions with historically poor sex ratios, such as Haryana and Punjab, require targeted interventions that focus on changing mindsets alongside improving socio-economic conditions for women.
The Role of Education and Awareness
Education plays a crucial role in transforming attitudes towards gender. Initiatives that promote girls’ education and provide opportunities for women in the workforce can shift societal norms over time. Programs that focus on educating families about the value of girls and the economic benefits of having a balanced gender ratio are essential for changing perceptions.
Moreover, engaging men and boys in discussions about gender equality can foster a more supportive environment for women and girls. Campaigns that challenge traditional gender roles and promote shared responsibilities within households are critical for achieving a balanced sex ratio and improving the status of women in society.
Conclusion: A Need for Continued Vigilance
In conclusion, while the BJP government’s tenure has seen improvements in India’s sex ratio and a notable decline in female foeticide rates, the journey toward gender equality remains incomplete. Continued vigilance is necessary to address the cultural and systemic issues that perpetuate gender discrimination. Policymakers must go beyond short-term campaigns and develop long-term strategies that include legal, educational, and community-based approaches to foster a culture that values and protects the lives of girls.
As India moves forward, it is essential for all stakeholders—government, civil society, and citizens—to remain committed to eradicating female foeticide and ensuring a brighter future for all its daughters.
The Political Observer is a premier online platform committed to delivering in-depth and engaging content on political affairs, social issues, and current events that matter to our readers. Our mission is to provide accurate, unbiased reporting that empowers citizens to make informed decisions in a rapidly changing world.
